Category Archives: Native

Plant of the day: two eyed violet

There’s not much that is prettier than a glade filled with violets. They are tougher than they look – two eyed violets like serpentine soil, as well as grassy meadows or rocky hillsides. I saw the ones pictured here growing on the edge of a redwood forest, under some pepperwood trees. Two eyed violets (Viola ocellata) are distinctively named, as they can be distinguished from all other local violets by the two purple spots on their lateral petals. According to the Marin Flora, there is only one other purple violet in the area, and it lacks the paired spots. All the other violets around are yellow.

These little beauties are endemic to the north-western parts of California, and even though they look like a fragile annual they are actually perennials!

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Plant of the day: Pacific blacksnakeroot

This plant most often presents itself as shiny, three-lobed leaves that grow close to the ground. What is that plant? It is unobtrusive yet distinctive. In the spring it sends up a tall spindly stalk, which splits into branches, each topped with a small head of greenish-yellow flowers. It is Sanicula crassicaulis, also known as Pacific blacksnakeroot, Pacific sanicle, or gamble weed.

A similar species, Coast blacksnakeroot is also common in Marin, but it has yellower flowers and some subtle differences in the fruit.

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Plant of the day: crimson columbine

Crimson columbine is a bizarre confection of a flower. With its bright red turrets and awnings, and a dangling bouquet of long yellow stamens, Aquilegia formosa is one of the most sculptural flowers around. It looks like it was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright just to grow in the gardens of the Marin Civic Center – though it doesn’t, as far as I know. Believe it or not, this extravagant bloom is in the same family (Ranunculaceae) as the simple buttercup!

These columbine prefer moist spots and stream banks, where you can find their flaming blossoms high above an airy nest of deeply lobed leaves. In general, the plants grow one to three feet tall, and they are found in all the western states. I saw the beauties photographed here on the Concrete Pipe Trail on the Marin Municipal Water District lands. This is an unpaved access road with a steep bank running along one side for much of its length, and it’s a great spot for seeing a diverse collection of spring flowers.

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Plant of the day: harlequin lotus

Low, gaudy patches of yellow and purple are splashed across the grass of a wet meadow. This is Lotus formosissiumus, which has numerous common names including harlequin lotus, bicolored lotus, coast lotus or (if you’re in the mood for a bit of a tongue-twister) seaside bird’s foot trefoil. I find harlequin lotus the most descriptive, though coast lotus is also a good monniker since it’s range doesn’t go very far inland.

With it’s typical two-lipped flowers it’s clearly in the pea family. But what coloring! The upper lips are a rich, bright yellow, and the lower lips are a flashy pinkish purple that can, in some plants, fade out towards white with age. The Peterson guide says it grows 1 to 2 feet tall, but I have never seen one more than 5 or so inches high, and other books don’t mention height as a diagnostic trait.

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Plant of the day: common woodland star

This delicate flower boasts five raggedy white petals on a long bare stem. Common woodland star (Lithophragma affine) is a member of the Saxifragaeae family, as was yesterdays post.  The woodland star is a little more “typical” of the family, with its elegant white flowers and long, mostly leafless stem. But because of its tendency to sprawl rather than grow upright, I wasn’t sure if my hunch that it was a saxifrage was right until I looked it up. It also lacks the multiplicity of obvious stamens mentioned in the previous post.

There is another very similar species in Marin – the hillside woodland star (Lithophragma heterophyllum). You can most easily distinguish the two because the hillside woodland star has a tendency to sprout little bulbs, or “bulblets,” in the joint where the leaf meets the stem. Also if you look at the back of the flower (the “hypanthium,” you can see that the common woodland star joins the stem gradually whereas hillside woodland star flattens off dramatically at the back, so the stem attaches on to a nearly flat surface like a pencil set on the middle of a plate.

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Plant of the day: yerba de selva

Yerba de selva is one of those unassuming little plants that you see everywhere – but probably don’t know what it is. Whipplea modesta prefers forest glades and partially shady spots, where large groups of these many-armed plants often form a sprawling, semi-prostrate mat of stalks. Each stalk is dressed along its length with paired oval leaves that are noticeably hairy – their texture is slightly rough if you rub them between your fingers.

In the spring, yerba de selva sports little white heads of flowers. Each head is actually a cluster of tiny five-petaled blooms. The Peterson guide describes the flowers as petalless, so I had to do some research on that – technically, those things that look just like petals are actually specialized bracts (which are green on most plants). Another tricksy fact is that Yerba de selva is in the Saxifragaceae family, though this plant doesn’t at all have the look of a typical saxifrage, which pairs deeply lobed basal leaves with upright, airy spikes of delicate flowers. It does have the feature of having prominent stamens, roughly twice the number as there are “petals.” In many saxifrages those stamens are often offset so that they are even more prominent, clearly visible in the widely gaps between the petals. Click on the picture above to get a better look at what I mean.

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Plant of the day: large-flowered star tulip

Here is another mariposa lily, this one seen in a low moist meadow near Bon Tempe lake. Calochortus uniflorus, or the large-flowered star tulip. You can tell it from the Oakland star tulip (which I wrote about last week) because it grows in wet meadows instead of on rocky slopes or damp hillsides. Both flowers have delicate, lightly hairy petals. Though the coloring can overlap, the large-flowered star tulip trends more towards purple while the Oakland star tulip is in the white to pale lavender range.

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Plant of the day: woodland strawberry

A happy sight for many a hiker, our native strawberry peeks from the edges of shrubs and woodlands. Not as tasty or as luscious as a storebought berry, this tiny fruit is better recognized for its good looks. Pretty white flowers with yellow centers are accented by a few dark green, serrated leaves. As spring moves into summer, the flowers give way to fruit, which are quickly nibbled by insects, rodents and other critters.

Fragaria vesca can be found across most of California. Marin is also home to the beach strawberry, that grows close to the coast – mostly in sandy places. In the northern and eastern parts of the state you also might see the very similar Fragaria virginiana, or mountain strawberry. And if the plant has yellow blooms instead of white, you may be looking at a non-native mock strawberry. This looks very similar to Fragaria species, but is actually in an entirely different genus!

 

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Plant of the day: sun cups

These showy, low-growing flowers are commonly found nestled in the grass of meadows, pastures and trailsides. Taraxia ovata are distinctive with their simple blossoms supported on long pale stalks above a circular mat of long oval leaves. Four bright yellow petals cup around many pollen-dusted stamen. Below the flowers, four pointed green sepals bend sharply down toward the ground so they are parallel with the stems.

Sun cups are found along the coast of California and Oregon. In many publications they are also known as Camissonia ovata.

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Plant of the day: spotted coralroot

Small, leafless coralroot plants may easily go unnoticed, as they blend in to the forest floor. But sharp-eyed hikers will spot these diminutive orchids growing in the understory, often beneath redwoods. What’s really nifty about Corallorhiza maculata is that they don’t photosynthesize – they don’t have any chlorophyll at all. Instead they depend entirely on mycorrhizal fungi for their food. The fungi, in turn, get much of their nutrients from a symbiotic relationship with nearby trees. Plants that feed on fungi in this way are called “mycotropic.”

In addition to spotted coralroot, striped coralroot also grows in Marin. Unlike the orchid-like flowers of its spotted cousin (which has several brownish petals above a pale tongue with dark burgandy patches) the petals of striped coralroot all look quite similar – and they are (you guessed it) noticeably striped.

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